Pop-up advertisements experienced a remarkable ascension in the late 1990s and early 2000s, initially offering a seemingly straightforward way for marketers to reach a large audience. Driven by their noticeable visibility, these intrusive boxes became ubiquitous across the internet , generating substantial revenue for publishers and vendors. Howeve

The pervasive nature of ad fraud poses a significant challenge to the digital advertising industry. This comparative analysis scrutinizes the diverse methods employed by fraudsters and highlights their impact on advertisers, publishers, and consumers. By contrasting various fraudulent practices across different platforms and geographies, this study